Water and some water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by diffusion. Multivitamins/multiminerals (MVMs) are the most frequently used dietary supplements, with close to half of American adults taking them. Multivitamins are a combination of many different vitamins that are normally found in foods and other natural sources.. Multivitamins are used to provide vitamins that are not taken in through the diet. [, Li J-Y, Taylor PR, Li B, Dawsey S, Wang G-Q, Ershow AG, et al. By age 71 or older, 48% of women and 43% of men were taking supplements. An expert panel that reviewed this report and participated in a state-of-the-science conference on the use of MVs and MVMs for chronic disease prevention at the National Institutes of Health in 2006 concluded that the evidence was insufficient for them to recommend for or against the use of MVs or MVMs to prevent chronic disease [1]. Ann Pharmacother 2011;45:476-84. Acknowledging that most health care providers recommend that pregnant people take a daily prenatal MVM, the DGA states that this practice may be necessary to meet the needs for folate or folic acid, iron, iodine, and vitamin D during pregnancy [54]. Pharmacodynamics. When taken as directed, multivitamins and minerals are not expected to cause serious side effects. Your child needs a variety of vitamins and minerals to grow healthy and strong. Other observational data on multiple outcomes come from a cross-sectional analysis of data from participants in the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. According to results of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 52% of adults take dietary supplements. However, if you take a blood thinner, such as warfarin (Coumadinand other brand names), talk to your health care provider before taking any MVM or dietary supplement that contains vitamin K (this vitamin lowers themedicines effectiveness, and doctors base the medicines dose partly on the overall amount of vitamin K a person usually consumes in foods. A randomized trial. Nutrients 2017, 9, 849. Other RCTs have evaluated the effects of MVMs on outcomes in individuals with a range of chronic diseases. The World Health Organization recommends iron and folic acid supplementation throughout pregnancy [57]. MVM supplementation did not reduce total invasive cancers, although it lowered the incidence of lung cancer by 38%, and it did not reduce any cardiovascular events (such as heart attacks or strokes), death from CVD, or all-cause mortality. Formulations for children, adult men and women, pregnant people, and seniors typically provide different amounts of the same vitamins and minerals to meet the needs of these populations. The evolving role of multivitamin/multimineral supplement use among adults in the age of personalized nutrition. MVM use is also more common among the children of women who take supplements; older adults; individuals with more education, a higher income, a healthier lifestyle and diet, and lower body-mass index (BMI); and residents of the western United States [1,2]. US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Oral high-dose multivitamins and minerals after myocardial infarction. One team of researchers categorized MVMs more ambiguously as "stress-tab-type," "therapeutic type," and "one-a-day type," so these products probably included MVs as well [8]. How to use Theragran-M oral. US Pharm. Vitamin D, iron, and zinc are three important ones. They belong to the micro nutrients and are required for normal metabolism in layer poultry. Self-reported health without clinically measurable benefits among adult users of multivitamin and multimineral supplements: A cross-sectional study. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Mechanism and Deficiency. Check with your physician for additional information about side effects. Introduction. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2010. It is also indicated to meet the increased demands for vitamins & minerals. Vitamins and minerals are essential for bodily functions such as helping to fight infection, wound healing, making our bones strong and regulating hormones. Studies of MVMs that have focused on cancer have been observational. Taking excess vitamin A (as retinol or other preformed forms of vitamin A but not beta-carotene) during pregnancy can increase the risk of birth defects in infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:257S-264S. A similar meta-analysis of 13 RCTs investigated whether use by pregnant adolescents and young adults aged 10-19 years of an MVM (containing multiple nutrients) led to better birth outcomes than supplementation with only iron and folic acid [34]. For example, a 2018 meta-analysis of 16 prospective cohort studies (including the study described above and the 2 below) and 2 RCTs evaluated the association between use of MVMs (defined as containing more than three vitamins and minerals) and risk of various CVD outcomes, including coronary heart disease and stroke [25]. Most main PEW biomarkers, the high WBC, the low absolute and percentage of lymphocytes in poorly controlled patients may be directly and/ or indirectly affected by their high Phe levels and/or low TAS levels in children with PKU on "loose diet". JAMA Pediatr 2018;172:780-2. Data from the later AREDS2 study showed that a supplement formulation containing the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin instead of beta-carotene was safer and more effective in slowing the progression of AMD. Am J Clin Nutr 2022;115:1501-10. Multivitamin and mineral use and breast cancer mortality in older women with invasive breast cancer in the women's health initiative. Another team defined MVMs as "full-spectrum" products providing all 12 vitamins plus 10 minerals [9]. Both observational studies and clinical trials have examined this possibility. This raises questions regarding the safety of . Use of MVs or MVMs (not further defined) was associated with an 11% lower risk of colon cancer mortality than among nonusers. Depending on their formulations, MVMs can help individuals obtain adequate amounts of these nutrients, except for potassium (because MVMs contain only very small amounts of this mineral) and dietary fiber. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 9000 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Vitamin K. Accessed January 12, 2011. However, if you consume fortified foods and beverages (such as cereals or drinks with added vitamins and minerals) along with dietary supplements, you should make sure that your total intake of vitamins and minerals is not more than the safe upper limits for any nutrients. Multiple-micronutrient supplementation in pregnant adolescnts in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Check Price on Amazon. Multivitamin-mineral use is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease mortality among women in the United States. Below mentioned are some of the details about this product. For example, 27.7% had inadequate intakes of vitamin A from foods alone, but this rate dropped to 15.5% when supplements were included. MVM supplementation did not have a beneficial or harmful effect on risk of stillbirths or of perinatal and neonatal mortality in comparison with iron and folic acid supplementation. Honey has a low glycemic index, loaded with polyphenols, enzymes, minerals, and vitamins. The supplement also had no effect on cognitive decline with age [40]. They are also used to treat iron or vitamin deficiencies caused by illness, pregnancy, poor nutrition, digestive disorders, and many other conditions. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists. Nutrients 2020;12, 3394. about your interest in, questions about, or use of dietary supplements and what may be best for your overall health. [, Johnstone JM, Hughes A, Goldenberg JZ, Romijn AR, Rucklidge JJ. . [, Cowan AE, Jun S, Gahche JJ, Tooze JA, Dwyer JT, Eicher-Miller HA, et al. The supplements did not prevent AMD onset or affect cataract risk. Nevertheless, some users consider use of an MVM as a form of dietary or nutritional insurance, a concept first introduced by Miles Laboratories to market its One-A-Day line of nutrient supplements in the 1940s [13]. . A 2021 meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (not including the study described above) evaluated the use of MVMs (defined as products that included most vitamins and minerals) by 22,773 individuals and a variety of CVD outcomesincluding total CVD incidence and mortality, MI incidence and mortality, and stroke incidence and mortalityand all-cause mortality [29]. Duplication is encouraged. Smokers and, possibly, former smokers should avoid MVM products providing large amounts of beta-carotene or vitamin A because two studies have linked these nutrients to an increased risk of lung cancer in smokers [63]. Myoglobin helps your muscle cells store oxygen. The mechanism of action of resveratrol is complex and not fully understood. Based on these two trials, the USPSTF warned that beta-carotene supplementation may increase the risk of lung cancer in people who smoke, have smoked, or have occupational exposure to asbestos [50]. Chemical name: pantothenic acid. Manufacturers choose which vitamins, minerals, and other ingredients, as well as their amounts, to include in their products. U.S. sales of all dietary supplements totaled an estimated $55.7 billion in 2020, including $21.2 billion for all supplements containing vitamins, minerals, or both, of which $8.0 billion was for MVMs and MVs [4]. Females (36%) were more likely to take one than males (31%). After the investigators followed participants for up to 20 additional years, when participants were no longer taking the study supplement, the use of the MVMs during the RCT did not result in lower rates of total mortality or mortality from any cause of death examined, including cancer, heart disease, and stroke [45]. Inflammation comes from the Latin word inflammare, which means "to set on fire.". Shelf Life/Expiry: 1.5 Years or 18 months from the date of manufacturing. In the presence of insulin, the micronutrient combination tested further enhanced this effect up to 1445% over controls. Multiple-micronutrient supplement for women during pregnancy (review). Dietary vitamins and minerals play ubiquitous roles throughout the human body by serving as veritable "helping hands" (e.g. However, MVM users had excessive intakes of several nutrients; 1015% had excessive intakes of vitamin A, iron, and zinc, and 4861% had excessive intakes of niacin. [, Saldanha LG, Dwyer JT, Haggans CJ, Mills JL, Potischman N. Perspective: Time to resolve confusion on folate amounts, units, and forms in prenatal supplements. Further metabolism of vitamin D to its major circulating form (25(OH)D) and hormonal form (1,25(OH)2D) takes place in the liver and kidney, respectively, but also in other tissues where the 1,25(OH)2D produced serves a paracrine/autocrine function . Adding omega-3 fatty acids, lutein and zeaxanthin, or both to the AREDS formulation did not further reduce the risk of progression to advanced AMD. The DGA, noting the difficulty of obtaining sufficient vitamin D from foods, advises that young children might need to continue taking a vitamin D supplement after age 12 months [54]. [. Vomiting. Deficiency Signs and Symptoms. Carbohydrates, such as cellulose, pass through the human intestinal tract undigested. This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals. Even after using MVs and MVMs daily for at least 10 years, the women had the same risk of breast cancer as the nonusers. The MVM also improved memory and executive function. As with some observational studies, some RCTs have suggested that MVM use has potential health benefits, but others have found no such benefits. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Vitamin D production in the skin under the influence of sunlight (UVB) is maximized at levels of sunlight exposure that do not burn the skin. The mineral fluoride not only helps bone formation but also keeps dental cavities from starting or worsening. [, Sesso HD, Christen WG, Bubes V, Smith JP, MacFadyen J, Schvartz M, et al. Prenatal supplements generally provide no vitamin A in the form of retinol, and most childrens MVMs provide age-appropriate amounts of nutrients. Cobalamin. Multivitamin and multimineral dietary supplements: definitions, characterization, bioavailability, and drug interactions. Check Price on Chewy. The rate of death from breast cancer (6.7% of the cohort) was 30% lower among the MVM users than nonusers. Multivitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. RCTs Multinutrients for the treatment of psychiatric symptoms in clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. [, Keats EC, Akseer N, Thurairajah P, Cousens S, Bhutta ZA, the Global Young Women's Nutrition Investigators' Group. The recommended dietary amount for lactating women ages 19-50 is 120 mg and pregnant women is 85 mg.2. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:325S-7S. Although MVM use might not reduce overall chronic disease risk, several nutrients in MVMs might benefit certain groups of people. Multivitamins and minerals are also used to treat vitamin or mineral deficiencies caused by illness, pregnancy, poor nutrition, digestive disorders, certain medications, and many other conditions. In Canada, almost all prenatal MVM supplements provide 1,000 mcg/day of folic acid. Nutrition Reviews 2021; published online ahead of print. One way to group them is as follows (Table 1): An additional complication for this product category is that many dietary supplements are not labeled as MVMs even though they contain a variety of vitamins and minerals [1]. The SU.VI.MAX study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. The products provided an average of 14 nutrients, although the products with 3 nutrients in 5 trials did not contain a mineral. [, Bailey RL, Pac SG, Fulgoni III VL, Reidy KC, Catalano PM. Pediatrics 2008;122:1142-52. Among women, taking a daily MV or MVM did not affect their overall risk of developing cancer except for oropharyngeal cancer, which increased by 46%. Explore the pages linked above to learn about: What vitamin D, iron, and zinc do. [, Wang J-B, Abnet CC, Fan J-H, Qiao Y-L, Taylor PR. NCCIH has provided this material for your information. Mechanism of Action. Among the 69.8% who took a dietary supplement (most likely a prenatal MVM supplement), the risk of inadequate intakes of many nutrients was lower. Health care providers sometimes prescribe MVMs for people who have medical conditions and diseases that impair digestion, absorption, or use of nutrients. J Nutr, 2021. The difference between vitamins and minerals. The products provided an average of 14 nutrients, although the products with 3 nutrients in 5 trials did not contain a mineral. Folic acid supplementation for the prevention of neural tube defects. Minerals (especially taken in large doses) can cause side effects such as tooth staining . When you combine at least two or more of these brain-enhancing formulas, what you get is called a stack. . Theres no standard or regulatory definition for MVMs, or any dietary supplement, as to what nutrients they must contain or at what levels. Ann Intern Med 2013;159:797-805. Vitamins are organic and can be broken down by heat, air, or acid. A multivitamin is a preparation intended to serve as a dietary supplement with vitamins, dietary minerals, and other nutritional elements.Such preparations are available in the form of tablets, capsules, pastilles, powders, liquids, or injectable formulations.Other than injectable formulations, which are only available and administered under medical supervision, multivitamins are recognized by . Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia. Host factors include homeostatic mechanisms that regulate absorption or excretion depending on the nutrient status of the host . Many of these products contain numerous ingredients in varied combinations and amounts. Read the label of any multivitamin product you take to make sure you are aware of what it contains. The FNB does not address whether or to what extent nutrient supplements can compensate for dietary inadequacies. The FNB and DGA agree that fully and partially breastfed infants should receive a supplement containing approximately 400 IU (10 mcg)/day vitamin D beginning in the first week of life [54,59]. Multivitamin use and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease in the Women's Health Initiative cohorts. Among the more common ingredients are amino acids, protein, creatine, and caffeine. It provides vitamins, minerals and good fats. Challenges and opportunities in the translation of the science of vitamins. Participants receiving the supplement did not have significantly fewer cardiovascular events, but this finding should be interpreted with caution because many participants did not take the supplement or placebo as directed, and others withdrew from the study early. MVM supplementation resulted in 13% lower odds of low birth weight, 12% lower odds of preterm birth, and 14% lower odds of small size for gestational age than iron and folic acid supplementation alone. The greatest improvements in intake were for vitamins A and E and zinc. Revitalize Multi-vitamin and Mineral Complex: Iron (1.5 mg / cap) + Ascorbic acid . Website: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Minerals (especially taken in large doses) can cause side effects such as tooth staining, increased urination, stomach bleeding, uneven heart rate, confusion, and muscle weakness or limp feeling. Dietary supplements to enhance exercise and athletic performance come in a variety of forms, including tablets, capsules, liquids, powders, and bars. MVMs, in particular, are popular supplements, currently taken by an estimated one-third of all adults in the United States, and one-quarter of children and adolescents take an MVM or MV [2,3]. There is no one single thing that makes it work. Therefore, the folic acid intakes of pregnant people who take these supplements and consume any foods fortified with this nutrient exceed the UL for this nutrient (1,000 mcg), even though many do not consume recommended amounts of folate from dietary sources alone [18]. When the investigators compared the outcomes of supplement users and nonusers, they found no association between use of these products for a median of 8 years and an increased risk of any common cancer or total cancers, CVD, or total mortality [35]. Most studies of the potential value of MVMs to enhance health and prevent disease have been observational and compared individuals who chose to take MVM supplements with others who did not take supplements. A total of 41.5% of the women took an MVM (containing 2030 vitamins and minerals in amounts not exceeding the RDAs), an MV (10 or more vitamins in amounts of 100% or more of the RDA), or a "stress multisupplement" (containing at least 10 nutrients, some in amounts more than twice the RDA) at least once a week. This analysis included 4,933 adults who reported taking an MV or MVM during the previous 12 months and 16,670 nonusers [37]. People take MVMs for various reasons. In another RCT of 18,314, smokers, former smokers, and asbestos-exposed persons, participants who took a combination of 30 mg/day of beta-carotene plus 25,000 IU/day of vitamin A (as retinol) had a 28% higher lung cancer risk than those taking a placebo after an average 4-year follow-up period [65]. Individuals who have poor nutrient intakes from diet alone, consume low-calorie diets, or avoid certain foods (such as strict vegetarians and vegans) might benefit from taking an MVM [60]. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 20152020 recommends that people should aim to meet their nutrient requirements through a healthy eating pattern that includes nutrient-dense forms of foods. The FNB advises people older than 50 years to obtain recommended amounts of vitamin B12, mainly from fortified foods or dietary supplements. We will explore situations that a multivitamin may be health-promoting, as well as if there is a benefit or harm in taking extra nutrients . [, Paranjpe MD, Chin AC, Paranjpe I, Reid NJ, Duy PQ, Wang JK, et al. Vitamins A, C, D and E were used alone, in combination or with other nutritional and non . The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers among male smokers. [, Murphy SP, White KK, Park S-Y, Sharma S. Multivitamin-multimineral supplements' effect on total nutrient intake. JAMA 2022;327:2326-33. A service of the National Library of Medicine, PubMed contains publication information and (in most cases) brief summaries of articles from scientific and medical journals. Lim J, Weinstein SJ, Liao LM, Sinha R, Huang J, Albanes D. Multivitamin use and overall and site-specific cancer risks in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. "Vitamin D and . The known vitamins include A, C, D, E, and K, and the B vitamins: thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxal (B6), cobalamin (B12), biotin, and folate/folic acid. Join the ODS Email List. The trial in the United Kingdom that compared an MVM to a placebo found no beneficial or harmful effect of the MVM on preterm births, birth at a smaller size than normal gestational age, or low birth weight. Neither baseline use nor changes in use of MVMs over time were associated with changes in the long-term risk of major CVD events, MI, stroke, cardiac revascularizations, or death from CVD. [. Honey possesses antimicrobial, anti . Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease: The COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) randomized clinical trial. Nutrients 2017; 9: 655. Marra MV, Bailey RL. [, Mulholland CA, Benford DJ. Participants who took the MVM did not have fewer major cardiovascular events, myocardial infarctions, strokes, or cardiovascular-related deaths than nonusers [38]. Espaol (Spanish) | Print. RCTs have focused primarily on the link between MVM use and CVD (or all-cause mortality) outcomes. Pregnant and breastfeeding people, adult women, non-Hispanic Blacks, people of low socioeconomic status, and individuals who are underweight or overweight are among the groups with the greatest risk of deficient intakes of one or more nutrients [9]. For guidance from NCCIH on using PubMed, see How To Find Information About Complementary Health Approaches on PubMed. Studies on the association between MVM use and cancer-related deaths include one that followed 7,728 women in the Women's Health Initiative who had invasive breast cancer for an average of 7.1 years after their diagnosis [22]. The study's goal was to determine whether the supplement reduced the risk of additional cardiovascular events or death [28]. No. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025 (DGA) notes that the critical period for folic acid supplementation to prevent neural tube defects starts at least 1 month before conception and continues through the first 2 to 3 months of pregnancy [54]. [, Baker LD, Manson JE, Rapp SR, Sesso HD, Gaussoin SA, Shumaker SA, et al. Multivitamin use and cardiovascular disease in a prospective study of women. Even in the United States, the amount of folic acid in prenatal MVM supplements is typically 800 or 1,000 mcg, which is much higher than the recommended amount (400 mcg) to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in babies [19]. Vitamins and minerals serve crucial functions in almost all bodily processes and must be obtained from foods or supplements, as our bodies are unable to make them. Hypersegmented Neutrophils. Various government surveys of dietary supplements and popular food-frequency questionnaires also define MVs and MVMs differently, include different examples, or ask about different products. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. Mechanism of Action Exerts oncotic pressure, which expands volume of circulating blood and maintains cardiac output. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1492-8. [, Rock CL. Saturated fat : A type of fat found in abundance in butter, whole milk, ice cream, full-fat cheese, fatty meats, poultry skin, and palm and coconut . Vitamins are not sources of energy as are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. MVMs for "senior" men and women, for example, often contain little or no iron and more calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 than MVMs for younger adults [69]. Clinical trials, where individuals are randomly assigned to take the dietary supplement or a placebo, are better than observational studies for determining whether MVMs might affect disease risk. The randomized Linxian dysplasia nutrition intervention trial after 26 years of follow-up: No effect of multivitamin supplementation on mortality. Multivitamin/mineral supplements (MVM) are widely used in many populations. RCTs Vit. J Nutr 2016;146:1235-40. However, the supplement users had a 14% lower risk of undergoing cardiac revascularization (coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting). Read the Nutrition Facts label on packaged foods or the Supplement Facts label of MVMs to see if the level far exceeds 100% DV. [, Sesso HD, Rist PM, Aragaki AK, Rautiainen S, Johnson LG, Friedenberg G, et al. No U.S. government health agency, private health group, or health professional organization promotes regular use of MVMs. Inflammation is a biological response of the immune system that can be triggered by many factors, like microbes, infections, and damaged cells. In one study, for example, investigators assessed the diets and use of MVMs in a large multiethnic cohort of 90,771 men and women ages 45 and older from Los Angeles and Hawaii [16]. Studies of MVM users reveal no adverse effects, except that both treatment and placebo groups in some studies experienced some minor gastrointestinal issues [61]. Homeostatic regulation of Blood Pressure by a negative feedback system Positive Feedback Mechanisms In positive feedback mechanisms, the result or . 1. Yet, iron supplements are a leading cause of poisoning in young children, so parents and guardians should keep iron-containing supplements out of the reach ofchildren. Basic MVMs contain both vitamins and minerals, most in amounts that do not exceed the DVs. Multivitamins are supplements that contain many different vitamins and minerals, sometimes alongside other ingredients ().Given that there's no standard for what constitutes a multivitamin . [, Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. There are also reports of . This publication is not copyrighted and is in the public domain. The study measured rates of major CVD events, including MI, stroke, and CVD death [27]. A subsequent study, AREDS2, tested whether adding omega-3 fatty acids (containing 650 mg eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and 350 mg docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) or lutein (10 mg) and zeaxanthin (2 mg) to the AREDS formula would make it more effective [32]. Another study of CVD outcomes in MVM users matched use of MVMs (defined as products containing three or more vitamins and one or more minerals) and MVs among 8,678 adults from NHANES III (19881994) with mortality data reported through 2011 [26]. 2002; Huang, 2003; Wu, 2005). Small Business Research Grant Program (SBIR), About Research Training and Career Development, Training Grant Application, Review, and Award Process, Integrative Medicine Research Lecture Series, Division of Extramural Research Sponsored by NCCIH, Division of Intramural Research Conducted at NCCIH, Dietary Guidelines for Americans 20152020, How To Find Information About Complementary Health Approaches on PubMed, Most individuals can get all of the necessary vitamins and minerals through a healthy eating pattern of nutrient-dense foods. 2007;1:42-55. Taking an MVM increases nutrient intakes and helps people obtain recommended amounts of vitamins and minerals when they do not meet these needs from food alone [9,12]. However, no two RCTs have used MVMs with the same combinations and amounts of nutrients. : CD004905. Published online ahead of print. Multivitamin-multimineral supplements: who uses them? Excess intakes can also be a concern for people taking MVMs that contain some vitamins or minerals in amounts approaching or exceeding the UL. There are 13 vitamins in total - 8 of these come from the B-group of vitamins. In particular, in pregnant women, MVM together with iron and folic acid are recommended to improve birth outcome and reduce low birth weight and rates of miscarriage. It is reasonably priced, and there's enough product to last a single cat about a month. Adults in their 50s and older Rosenberg IH. Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. Some experts have hypothesized that MVM use might reduce cancer risk or improve cancer outcomes, possibly because certain nutrients in MVMs might inhibit carcinogenesis or tumor progression. One of the largest prospective studies of MVM use was the Women's Health Initiative, which evaluated the health of 161,808 postmenopausal women aged 5079 years and their risk factors for cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Some published reports of studies of dietary supplements use the generic term "multivitamins" to include products with and without minerals. JAMA. Take your multivitamin with a full glass of water. Follow all directions on the product package, or take as directed by your doctor. The micronutrient combination tested had a comparable efficacy to insulin in facilitating glucose uptake by . This publication is not copyrighted and is in the public domain. Function: It is necessary for producing energy and hormones. Investigators who followed a multiethnic cohort of 182,099 men and women aged 4575 years living in Hawaii and California for an average 11 years found similar results [36]. Minerals (especially taken in large doses) can cause side effects such as tooth staining, increased urination, stomach bleeding, uneven heart rate, confusion, and muscle weakness or limp feeling.