How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? What is social comparison theory? Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. /K [20 0 R] What is an internal versus an external attribution? [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. >> /ParentTree 19 0 R Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. Categories are in some way ultimate heuristics, they can be Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term "cognitive miser" to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising one's beliefs. not only vary in content but in structure too in terms of the intra-category Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. meaning, it reduces uncertainty and helps us to predict social behaviours On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. >> Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. /CS /DeviceRGB /Contents 44 0 R /F6 26 0 R 10 [286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R >> << /BaseFont /Times-Roman /CS /DeviceRGB Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). /Nums [0 [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. Jonathan A. . It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. -Between groups: overestimate differences, view the other groups as more homogeneous. [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. Describe his findings. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. /Type /Page 25 0 obj [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. endobj The nave scientist and attribution theory Further information: Attribution theory Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. >> A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. -Obedience: submission to authority However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". endobj "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. >> 500 0 0 389 278] [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by HaroldKelley and BernardWeiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamentalattributionerror. /ToUnicode 367 0 R /Tabs /S /Contents 41 0 R /Annots [51 0 R] 4 0 obj 7 0 obj Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. >> [32] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributionalbiases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. /S /Transparency things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . -Lowballing: getting people to commit to a certain amount \end{array} >> 260 0 R 261 0 R] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Tabs /S attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. >> How does a "flawed scientist" reason? q*15Q[7t. Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. /F2 22 0 R [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? [9][pageneeded]. 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] /Parent 2 0 R (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. On what dimensions do cultures differ? [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. /F4 24 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R A pragmatic social cognitive psychology covers a lot of territory, mostly in personality and social psychology but also in clinical, counseling, and school psychologies. The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /S /Transparency [40] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs.[40]. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. /Artifact /Sect /Group << When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. /S /Transparency People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Type /Page Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278] 22 0 obj >> . {\text { Price }} & {\text { Quantity }} \\ >> /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R /F3 23 0 R >> based on similarity. -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous endobj /Tabs /S nave scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician outgroup homogeneity Previous question Next question /CS /DeviceRGB [37], The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B /FontDescriptor 364 0 R Sie suchen nach einem 70413 lego, das Ihren Ansprchen gerecht wird? ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity -Examples: sports events. If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. . /StructParents 5 -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. /Name /F1 People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R /Group << -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. /GS8 28 0 R /Type /Group -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. 29 0 obj >> /StructParents 1 /LastChar 239 What kinds of information does a cognitive miser use when thinking about the behavior of others? /Header /Sect Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. /Marked true >> Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? /Type /Group It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . /Creator (alibabadownload.com) /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. /GS8 28 0 R /Type /Group [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. What percentage showed complete compliance? /Group << *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I
@OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ /GS7 27 0 R << [16][17][18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. /Macrosheet /Part What is in-group bias? /GS8 28 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. >> /GS7 27 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> /Font << Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient information processing and streamlined decision making. What is social loafing? /CA 1 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R /GS7 27 0 R The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. /CS /DeviceRGB What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 endobj [29][30] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. -Becoming less pervasive 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /F4 24 0 R 17 0 obj /Type /Group endobj >> Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 32 /Chartsheet /Part /S /Transparency 21 0 obj >> >> /S /Transparency What is what? 1 [73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 ->paying an increase of the original price for extras -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives /Resources << They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. The cognitive miser . >> >> /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? >> /Name /F3 People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 28 0 obj [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /BaseFont /Arial /ExtGState << How did the Robber's Cave researchers reduce inter-group hostility? Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . /ExtGState << /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman /F1 21 0 R /Type /StructTreeRoot Please sign in to share these flashcards. What are some real world consequences of attributions? 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R >> /Font << women, gay people, Asians), Event schemas/scripts: knowledge structures about events(e.g. /CS /DeviceRGB What is the dual process model of persuasion? PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. AS such, categorization provides How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? 2 0 obj<>stream
[2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. /Font << << /Type /StructElem /FontDescriptor 363 0 R When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? >> -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right >> Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? /Name /F2 >> How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? 11 [312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /Font << The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." They argue that people start the process of impression formation by /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Page /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Group << Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. instead, they are strategic in their allocation of cognitive resources, deciding whether to b a cognitive miser or a naive scientist depending on the situation: Term. /Font << /Tabs /S [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. << For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. /ExtGState << /F1 21 0 R What is situated social cognition? 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to << /CS /DeviceRGB Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') Introducing Cram Folders! /Type /Page /S /Transparency /GS7 27 0 R Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. /Parent 2 0 R When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 (a) Graph this equation with a graphing calculator and the window ttt-min =2,t=-2, t=2,t-max =10=10=10; SSS-min =20,Smax=250=-20, S-\max =250=20,Smax=250. [16] [17] [18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. /Resources << Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /StructParents 3 Unfortunately for this moral responsibility refuge, natural science has now scouted this cognitive corner. endobj /Tabs /S >> Distinguish between a durable consumer good and a nondurable consumer good. With efficiency as the key consideration in decision making, the cognitive miser uses mental shortcuts in appraising decision problems. In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /Resources << /F3 23 0 R [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. /F1 21 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB Jennifer A. . -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. /FirstChar 32 Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. July 2015 . >> 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] /Group << /F4 24 0 R Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. How does the brain respond to social rejection? naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. ]}|Mb7*_JH
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8uhR6. The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /GS8 28 0 R -Tied to these beliefs Keith Stanovich . Describe his findings. [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. << Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. /GS8 28 0 R Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. [34], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dual process theory in psychology. [39][originalresearch? The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. endobj Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. >> On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. That's it. Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? What factors affect obedience? /Resources << /F2 22 0 R Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! /Parent 2 0 R 10 0 obj How can norms influence prejudice and discrimination? >> This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. endobj This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? AVERSIVE -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. /Author (Fiske) [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". Aug 2016. Naive scientist b. 8 0 obj -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive a. << 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R Fugelsang . 6,000 & 7,000 \\ endobj