Crisco, a vegetable shortening, was introduced in 1911, and its makers advertised it as more digestible than lard, as NPRs Dan Charles recently pointed out. Wouldn't all that lard on your face cause you to have acne breakouts?? The products on our list range from $15-$100. hmmm pretty interesting. Published on: July 30, 2020 5 angely_korii answered Trivitaminol is bought from veterinary pharmacies. On cold winter days, when you skin feels like dried leather, liberally saturate your face with lard. **We are still able to ship our Bear Grease Healing Butter to USA. leave those who tell you that it doesn't work and that their hair drips are nonsense. Prep Time: 2 minutes. Some topical solutions require once or twice daily usage, while others can be applied a few times a week or on the days you wash your hair. Vitamins A, D, and K, as well as antioxidants and essential fatty acids, are found in grass-fed tallow, which aid in the repair of damaged hair and split ends, the smoothing of the hair shafts cuticle layer, and the moisturizement of overly-dry hair. What to eat: Wholegrains, liver, egg yolk, soya bean, cranberries, raspberries and yeast. Most shortening is made of vegetable fat (e.g., Crisco) and is generally flavorless. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. 07-09-2005, 07:09 PM Ladies, I was doing a search on the web and found a site that suggested that for natural hair inhibition we could use lard - yup the lard that pple use to cook with !! Hair moisturisers gave protection from the arid climate, and Egyptian women would massage a healthy dose of castor oil and almond oil into their scalp, which they believed also promoted hair growth. My advice to you: Be patient! This study shows that lard has a positive effect on hair growth in a single subject of androgenic alopecia without harming other aspects of healthy living. According to research, hair naturally grows at a rate of 0.35 millimeters per day, which equals roughly -inch per month for a total of 6 inches per year. Tone and firm for a more youthful look. Vitamin D reduces inflammation, prevents skin cancer, and improves acne. If you cant pronounce the words on the label, then you probably shouldnt be putting it on or in your body. Instructions Cut the pork fat into 1-inch squares in half. As you can guess, being nearly identical to our human oils, tallow does not clog pores. Lard contains immune-boosting vitamin D. However, the pigs need to have been exposed to sunlight. p1. Most men experience hair lossbut it isnt inevitable. spoon of yogurt. so does lard actully work/make a diffrence?? I have heard of this, but haven't tried it yet!! Youre right, most people have never thought about using lard as a moisturizer. And for about $1 you can enjoy healthy, radiant skin for months. Bear grease was also used as a waterproofing agent for leather and as an insect repellent by Native Americans. Here are some of the things tallow can do for hair: Reduce itchy scalp Smooth frizz Boost shine Condition, hydrate, and soften Repair dry, split ends How to use tallow for hair There are a variety of ways I like to use tallow for hair benefits. 15 of 17. :), Hello. This is equivalent to around 0.2 to 0.7 inches. Fenugreek - This herb is also an age-old remedy for hair growth problems. Quinine water helps the scalp, but growth takes time and so much. Not only does it act as an exceptional barrier for locking in moisture, but it is also high in the vitamins that help keep skin healthy. No, it is not known anywhere that pig oil increases hair growth. 1. Her work appears in several publications, including. Pure lard contains no trans fats when combined with other foods, and its 60% monounsaturated fat, which can lower the risk of heart disease. Active ingredients: Coffee extract, biotin, DHT blockers. are black sea slugs poisonous lard for hair growth. When the oil starts to pool, you can scoop it out and strain it into a clean, heat-proof jar or container. Active ingredients: Glycerine, panthenol, purslane extract, cationic hyaluronic acid, sunflower seed sprout extract, tara extract, camellia extract, European larch extract. Some of the best foods for hair growth are foods that have high nutritional value like eggs, leafy greens, and fatty fish. Why we like it: Organic scalp treatment doubles as a moisturizer for the rest of your skin. Lard is an extremely versatile fat: It doesnt smoke at high temperatures, so its perfect for high heat cooking or frying. Yes, lard contains 20 percent less saturated fat than butter and is also higher in monounsaturated fats that are beneficial to cardiovascular health. Why Lard? A Hairloss Treatment with Essential Oils! Wrap your hair in plastic wrap for an hour before rinsing the mixture out. By contrast, lard stored in the refrigerator will have a shelf life of up to a year. I got some acne and didn't feel good about buttering it up with the lard. In fact, lard is incredibly gentle on skin, since it is so close to human skin in its chemical makeup. Nuts and seeds are small but mighty ways to pack in a lot of hair-growth promoting nutrients into almost any meal or snack. I tried trivitaminol. Delicious Homemade Sugar-Free Peach Pie Recipe in 6 Steps, 28 Forgotten Yet Easy Pudding Recipes for Any Season or Occasion, How to Make Apple Cider Vinegar in 7 Steps (and 3 Mistakes to Avoid), 109 Delicious Crock Pot Recipes for A More Efficient Cooking Time, 29 Unique Macaron Recipes Worth Drooling Over. I like how you outlined thebenefits of lard and how to use it. Season if youd like, then cool on paper towels. Keeping track of your protein intake will tell you whether you need more to make your hair grow. Though convenient, most store-bought lard is hydrogenated and may contain preservatives. It's used in Latin cuisine to give foods like refried beans, tamales, and empanadas a delicious melt-in-your-mouth texture.. Protein is the building block of hair and eggs are one of. All times are GMT-5. Old Bumblehead the 18th trying on the Napoleon Boots, 1823 Bear's grease was a popular treatment for men with hair loss from at least as early as 1653 until about the First World War. Around here, I see it in the refrigerated cases in the grocery store, near the sausage. Shiny Hair: Blend 2 Tablespoons castor oil, 2 Tablespoons lard, and a few drops of rosemary oil. The myth of its effectiveness is based on a belief that as bears are very hairy, their fat would assist hair growth in others. One study conducted on rats found that the leaf and flower extracts of hibiscus promote hair growth ( 1 ). These fats help to lower blood cholesterol levels and maintain healthy cells. Its called leaf fat, or leaf lard after its rendered, because the mass of fat looks a little bit leaf-shaped. Finding the source of your hair fall and treating it with hair vitamins and lotions is a good place to start. Once rendered into lard, pork fat is ideal for baking. our bodies cant absorb essential vitamins, similar to applying mayonnaise to your hair, 44 Party Friendly Adult Beverages For Your Enjoyment While Dieting, How to Make Croutons and Breadcrumbs to Use up Old Bread and Save Money in the Process, Giving up Soda? Theres no comparison in cooking beans with lard and cooking them with oil.. Finally, leave the bladder out to dry and grind the dried organ into a powder. Vegetable shortening, including the Crisco brand, contains fatty acids and often times Vitamin E which is great for hair. Lard is the name given to rendered pig fat. Its why we create our facial soaps with 100% tallow plus extra for nourishing tender skin. I read that if you do it, you have to do for example 2 months, then 2 months no, then again .. Yes, thats right lard has 20 percent less saturated fat than butter; its also higher in monounsaturated fats, which are good for cardiovascular health. Yep, you heard me right pig fat. Each product has different directions, but many are formulated for application once or twice daily. Think a little with your head, not the hair on it. It has a similar pH and contains saturated and monounsaturated fats. Ancient Egypt was a hot and dry. Uses of lard Lard can be used in place of butter, which comes in useful if you remove dairy from your diet. Studies done on mice shows that lavender essential oil can help generate faster hair growth. Lard to prevent hair growth?? At its simplest, lard is rendered pork fat. To grow in a healthy manner, hair requires a balanced diet. According to a 2019 study in the journal, Dermatology and Therapy, the required vitamins associated with healthy hair growth include: Vitamin D. I guess the good news is that the hair growth is mentioned in regards to the head. and the reduction on the face and other areas reminds me of perhaps, Saw Palmetto that sounds simulr to some condioning treatment i used to have at the hairdressers they just put aload of stuff in my hair and put me under a steamer, oo i randomly brought some lard last week mainly since i saw it was only 25p so ever so cheep and surprisingly enough.. i put it on some where i had a cut.. and it healed over really quick.. it didnt even lscab over so i could pick it(i just cant help picking them) and i had another wund about the same size but bout5 cm away and i didnt put any lard on it and it hasnt healed over as quick and its scared (i really need to stop injuring myself). This D-rich lard comes from pastured hogs that have been exposed to sunlight, so be sure to keep this in mind if you purchase your lard. So I want to ask how it is applied, after or before bathing, how long does it take to sit on our hair? Fill a saucepan with a little water and turn on low, 2. Also, please know that it's not selfish to want things that you feel like you were born never to have. How much should I expect to pay for a hair growth serum? Lard is a fantastic cooking medium for sauting, pan-frying, deep-frying, and confiting; its also a fantastic shortening that yields biscuits and pastries that are far more tender and flaky than those made with only butter. What else can lard be used for? Lean meats. The result of present study indicates that the Pig oil significantly potentiate to increase in hair growth pattern in rats.The significant effect of pig oil start to observed from 15th day. It does not contain minoxidil, which can cause irritation if you have a sensitive scalp. Saturated fat raises bad cholesterol LDLs and lowers good cholesterol HDLs. Promotes Healthy Skin. Our favorite hair growth serum is the tried-and-true Women's Rogaine Minoxidil 5% Foam because it's highly effective and recommended by dermatologists. The active ingredient is minoxidil, which Dr. Bauman says is typically the "first-line of therapy" for thinning hair, thanks to its safety and efficacy track record. Just one cup of the fruit chopped up yields 86.5 mg of the vitamin. Lard is used as a cooking fat, shortening, or spread similar to butter in many cuisines. What is the theme of the play Lysistrata who wrote it? The pH of lard is also similar to human skin. " says lead author of the study Hironobu Morinaga. Saw palmetto, a systematic review in alopecia. As a cleanser, lard is a gentle and natural way to rid your face of that nasty sebum buildup and the daily dirt in your pores. This type of hair reduction usually happens gradually and in a predictable way. Naturally Curly compares the technique to a hot oil treatment: Vegetable shortening, including the Crisco brand, contains fatty acids and often times vitamin E which is great for hair. I appreciate your good work and I am going to share this post with others. I came across various stimulants, such as: quinine water, trivitaminol, lard, vinegar, etc. If your child has difficulty coping with the hair loss, treatment can often help regrow hair. Well, this decision is no longer on the table for me. This post contains affiliate links, which means I may receive a small commission, with no cost to you, if you make a purchase through one of my links. How To Purchase The Right Chef Knife That Is Highly Efficient? The ingredient list includes a stellar lineup of plant extracts and oils, DHT blockers to encourage hair growth and reduce hair fall, and caffeine to stimulate the scalp. Treatment options for children 10 years of age and younger are: Corticosteroid you apply to the bald spots: Prescription-strength corticosteroids can help regrow hair. Apply it three times a week and see your hair grow.AWARDED BEST HAIR GROWTH . interesting,,,, anyone going to try this? Customer reviews and photos may be available to help you make the right purchase decision! I was 21 then. I wouldnt recommend canning with any additional space left in the jar because lard goes rancid much faster than tallow when exposed to oxygen. A Hairloss Treatment with Essential Oils! It's worth noting: It's not a leave-in product, so you'll have to rinse it. "If hair follicles are beyond repair or 'dead and gone,' the best you can hope for is the stabilization of hair loss," says hair restoration surgeon Dr. Alan J. Bauman. Potential non-dietary factors for hair loss include: Age influences hair strength. Butter is the best lard substitute. If it is not crunchy and appetizing, crisp the rest on a baking sheet in a 375-degree oven for 15-20 minutes. products. Depending on the conditions, lard kept at room temperature will last about four to six months. Read our. Lard, I believe, is rendered pig fat. All times are GMT-5. Leave bowl in the water until all the ingredients have melted 4. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Cover and store the lard in the refrigerator once its cool. Is it necessary to sand between gelcoat coats? Posted on . She received a degree in English from Barnard College in New York, NY. I get why the idea of smearing pork fat on your skin might put people off. Omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin E, and Vitamin A are also found in lard. :) -G10. How will the fat of an animal without hair help you to grow your hair ??? It should be fine if you are going to freeze the lard after sealing it with the vacuum sealer. Think a little with your head, not the hair on it. Massage the mixture onto your scalp and work it through your hair from the roots to the tips. less*, without hair) is Reddit's most popular community for males and females coping with hair loss. Off The Grid News is an independent, weekly email newsletter and website that is crammed full of practical information on living and surviving off the grid. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. While some products promise immediate results, this is more of a "slow and steady wins the race" situationyou'll notice regrowth begins after about a month of use. Why we like it: It's a 2-in-1 scalp and hair treatment. Since it's applied as a fine mist, it won't weigh hair down. Yes, so many anti-aging skin care products on the market todayhave as many as 20 ingredients in them, which most people havent even remotely heard of. Lard is rich in fat, which is retained by the follicle.". Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Massage it in well all over your face and neck. The secret of good long hair is quality food and products, not to use a hair dryer and press often - such things. Effects of watercress extract fraction on R-spondin 1-mediated growth of human hair. Black hair is susceptible to telogen effluvium and other forms of alopecia. When I use chapstick tubes, I usually add a little more beeswax for firmness. Anyone know anything about this? Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Disclosure. Active ingredients: Caffeine, Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) Callus Conditioned Media. Sardines are filled with hair-boosting nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids which may reduce hair loss and increase hair density, and vitamin D which supports hair follicle development.. The tube-like hair follicles are clearly visible; he says they are the equivalent of the downy hair that covers a fetus. If you mix two tablespoons of castor oil with two tablespoons of lard and apply it to your hair, it will make it shine. Just keep in mind that lard sold at room temperature in grocery stores has gone through a hydrogenation process. Cards, In The Crucible, what happens to Betty Parris? If you are looking for significant results but are on a budget, this under $20 product is worth a try. The picture shows the end product of a treated pigs bladder. but the hydrogenation process would keep it stiff until it hits the scalp heat. Luckily, the best hair growth serum can be part of a scalp care routine that results in thicker hair and new hair growthfor some people. NYU Langone News. Eggs Provide Protein You hair is made up of protein, therefore it is important to ensure that you have enough protein in your diet. I grab my hair with a hairpin, put on a bathing cap and sit for 3-4 hours, then wash well with shampoo. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. For any recipe that you don't want to have a lingering pork flavor, be sure to use rendered leaf lard or processed lard. If the type of hair loss you're experiencing is resistant to topical hair growth treatment, you won't see results no matter how much you spend. Lard is a very good means of maintaining hair. When tallow comes from organic, grass fed cows, it is one of the healthiest fats there is. Lost Remedies Found; a Closet of Strange Tales and Ancient Medical Curiosities, 7 Old-Fashioned Grandma Approved Health Remedies That Really Work, What Native Americans Can Teach Us About Sustainability. But consider what you probably already put on your skin if you use a standard suite of soaps, moisturizers and cosmetics. I made a mask with it - 1 tablespoon of Trivitaminol, 1 egg yolk, 1 soup. Why is a tablespoon of lard good for You? I mix everything well and smear my hair roots with cotton. Its worth noting: Its a prescription product, so theres a required consultation with a healthcare provider before you can purchase the product. Since Crisco is essentially just oil in solid form, some also use the kitchen staple as a hair moisturizer or conditioner. No wonder its been a staple ingredient in many cuisines worldwide. Heavily-used fast food deep-fat frier oil (almost certainly GMO and partially-hydrogenated) is recycled for soap and make-up, and rendered animal . Is shortening good for your hair? It's similar to applying mayonnaise to your hair for shine. The Secret To Making Powerful Herbal Medicines, Right in Your Kitchen! I haven't gotten any new hair, but I just don't know. Hashimoto M, Kawai Y, Masutani T, Tanaka K, Ito K, Iddamalgoda A. How do you separate a room without a door? Lard is a good source of fats that support a healthy heart After olive oil, which consists of 77 percent monounsaturated fatty acids, lard has the most monounsaturated fats at 48 percent. Also used for removing lice. Written by: Stephanie Bradley Lost Ways Found 8 Comments.WP-PrintIcon{margin-bottom:-3px}Print This Article. I came across various stimulants, such as: quinine water, trivitaminol, lard, vinegar, etc. The fact that it contains some unsaturated fats along with vitamins, especially those that are beneficial to the skin, makesme wonder how it hasnt made more of a comeback. Lard is a source of linoleic acid, an omega 6 fatty acid most North American diets get too much of, but also associated with our bodys normal inflammatory response. I applied trivitaminol as a mask 2 tablespoons of trivitaminol 1 liter of brandy 1 liter of vinegar 2 liters of yogurt 1 liter of melted unsalted butter 1 yolk and all this I mixed it well and applied it to the roots and then along the length. Apply ointment, but do not think that someone will want to get close to you - with oily and smelly hair. Essentially, she explains, hair is a "nonessential tissue," so when your body is going through any kind of changepositive or negativeit can trigger hair loss as it works to return to homeostasis. Making sure you are getting the right nutrients in your diet is also critical. St. Surin-Lord also calls out the fact that papaya is high in fiber and carotenoids, which aid in scalp health. At least it's natural and I've heard it helps. What happens if you lose your Busch Gardens pass? Because its a natural product, lard is also a gentle cleanser and wont clog pores. LARD. It made my hair fall out. Products that contain ingredients to promote scalp health and encourage hair growth are typically more expensiveand often more effective. One tablespoon of lard contains 1,000 IUs of vitamin D. Also important, vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin so it requires fatty acids including saturated fatty acids to be absorbed and utilized in the body. Collagen and gelatin are building blocks of protein, made up . If you're making shampoo, you also need glycerin (liquid soap). Crisco for Dry Skin Although Crisco can be an effective moisturizer for dry skin, it can also cause issues for some individuals. The formula doesn't include unwanted additives like fragrances, sulfates, or synthetics. We use cookies to personalize content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyze our traffic. Wash after an hour. In that case, hair transplant surgery may be the only effective treatment. The oil that boosts the hydration for your hair and scalp is provided by Omega-3 . So before you call that 1-800 number to purchase a $50 bottle of Anti-Aging, Acne-Erasing Wonder Cream, give lard a chance. How will the fat of an animal without hair help you to grow your hair ??? Lard is pig fat plain and simple. As trichologist, Tiffany Young notes, "many of the popular protective styles that Black people usethink braids, twists and other styles that apply tension on the rootscan leave hair vulnerable to traction alopecia." You can take a before and after photo to determine if your hair is growing, especially if you are trying to treat bald spots. Let me know in the comments:). Freezing it can further extend its shelf life to three years. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. By the time the 1990s rolled around, lard began to make a comeback with chefs and bakers, partly due to the negative publicity hydrogenated vegetable oils and shortening were receiving. Leaf lard, specifically, is a fine, soft, white fat rendered from the fat in the kidney region of pigs and hogs. Family history First of all, one of the most common causes of hair loss is male or female pattern baldness. These nutrients are particularly helpful for hair growth: Iron. It is also in plant oils, such as olive, peanut, safflower, sesame, and canola oils. Guess how many ingredients lard contains? One fact that skincare experts know: Oil dissolves oil. Since lard is so similar to our own skin oils, its a match made in heaven. "The hair loss I see in practice is primarily genetic, hormonal, and related to deficiency issues," says trichologist Bridgette Hill. You can either pour the mixture into round tins or use a dropper to fill chapstick tubes, 7. 1. Finasteride is a prescription oral hair growth medication used for the treatment of male pattern baldness or androgenetic alopecia in males only.. Propecia (1 mg finasteride) was approved by the FDA for the treatment of male pattern baldness in December 1997. In order to boost the production of testosterone, you'll need to get enough quality sleep. For a long time I searched the internet about hair growth. Her work appears in several publications, includingInc., Domino,Health, Shape, People, Refinery29,Nylon, andSweet. Fill a saucepan with a little water and turn on low 2. I am waiting for your comments !!! However,. Other foods loaded with beta-carotene to include in your foods for hair growth are sweet potatoes and carrots. The ointment is applied before washing the hair for about 20 minutes. Collagen and gelatin to increase hair growth. A 2020 study revealed that it improves hair quality by 60%, including a 27% improvement in total hair count, improved hair density for over 83% of users, and stabilized disease progression by 52%. When it comes to using Crisco for hair moisture, many women love to add aloe vera, shea butter, honey, and a variety of oils, including almond, tea tree and olive oils. By using this form you agree with the storage and handling of your data by this website. The brand boasts that 9 of 10 men see increased hair growth from the 5% minoxidil solution, which costs less than $50 for a three-month supply. You don't have to go through this alone. This foam blend is an excellent alternative if serums and oils make your hair look too greasy. Surprisingly, beef lard has benefit to promote healthy skin. What happens to Betty Parris in The Crucible. Protein. Here's a breakdown of where you should get calories every day: 20% from protein 20%-30% from healthy fats How to Market Your Business with Webinars. Use lard in a cast-iron skillet to deep-fry chicken or fries. Furthermore, lard contains less saturated fat than other animal fats such as butter and tallow, while also being higher in heart-healthy monounsaturated fat, which gives olive oil its health benefits. Low-fat dairy products. Im looking for a female PCP/general practitioner in Columbus, OH who has an interest in PCOS. Thank you for your attention and I apologize for any possible spelling mistakes. It nourishes it, but there should be no salt in the fat. Lard is a versatile fat because it does not smoke at high temperatures, making it ideal for high-heat cooking or frying. Shiny Hair: Blend 2 Tablespoons castor oil, 2 Tablespoons lard, and a few drops of rosemary oil. Instructions Cut the pork fat into 1-inch squares in half. In studies conducted by the brand, the use of Vegamour produced a 52% improvement in the appearance of hair density and a 76% reduction in signs of shedding after four months. It nourishes it, but there should be no salt in the fat. spoon of brandy, 1 tbsp. Garlic Planting Secrets Of Fall Gardeners, 7 Startling And Life-Changing Health Benefits Of Beets, Lard: Your Great-Grandmothers Secret To Better Skin, Naturally, 6 Tricks To Ensure Your Fruit Trees Survive The Winter, 3 Reasons Heritage Hogs Are Just Plain Better Than Commercial Hogs. Tallow is a type of beef fat that has been rendered (coated down) to remove impurities. Need Recommendations: PCP Interested in PCOS, PCOS Friendly Doctors and Health Insurance, If this is your first visit, be sure to And massaging lard into your skin isnt the same as rubbing bacon on your face. Besides, lard is lower in saturated fat than other animal fats like butter and tallow, and higher in heart-healthy monounsaturated fat . Not only will you seal in moisture, youll also get a healthy dose of vitamin D, which is good for both your skin and body. With a dropper for easy application, the oil can be applied directly to your scalp and used as an all-over body moisturizer. Dont you just love products that are inexpensive and effective?! I struggled to decide which oil to use because Im frugal. you make the mask, you stay with it for 2 hours with a nylon hat and towel and somewhere warmer and then you wash with shampoo, rub well in the roots and before drying it you spray quinine water in the roots and you are forest 2 times a week for 2 months then 2 rest and again. Ive been slathering it on my skin for years, and its definitely a key component in my skin care routine. The photographs of the scalp before and after use of the lard are represented here for understanding of the readers (Fig 2). Wellness Mama lists 101 uses including as a mental stimulant, hair conditioner . I just saved my hair because I wash it every day and straighten it even 2 times a day and when I tup it it becomes very exhausted but with these things it becomes unique. Lard really is a great skin care ingredient. One benefit of choosing an oil like this is it can double as a skin moisturizer for your scalp, and other areas, making it a more versatile choice. Fats like lard and tallow are typically rendered, which is the process of melting and extraction that transforms fatty tissue into a stable, usable purified fat. if you go to the baking section and buy "tenderflake" for making pie crust, that is lard. The wait is over. 2). Perspiration that happens during running proves to be a useful exercise for hair growth. Keeping, Please log in to see a discount on pricing. Everything You Need to Know About Receding Hairlines, The 14 Best Hyaluronic Acid Serums of 2023, The 9 Best Scalp Massagers of 2023, Tested and Reviewed, The 13 Best Moisturizers for Oily Skin of 2023, Oral Minoxidil for Hair Loss: What to Know About Off-Label Use of the Drug, Pura D'Or Hair Thinning Therapy Energizing Scalp Serum.