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+ vitality and its transformation Anthropological theories of religion are diverse. Cultural Anthropology Chapter 12: Supernatural Belief Systems Rite of Passage Initiation ritual of boys in Malawi. Religion and social life are inseparable, there is no clear division between the 'sacred' and 'profane', List three characteristics of World religions, 1. In any of the possible two-stock portfolios, the weight of each stock in the portfolio will be 50%. The body is a complex system, and the functions of its various parts can be a source for symbols for other complex processes in society. Sociology of religion is the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms of religion using the tools and methods of the discipline of sociology.This objective investigation may include the use both of quantitative methods (surveys, polls, demographic and census analysis) and of qualitative approaches (such as participant observation, interviewing, and analysis of archival . The kinds of questions ethnographers ask are structured so as to construct the kind of model of society that male informants are most likely to provide They function to transition youth from a state of relative freedom and social powerlessness to one of increased power, as well as increased social and familial responsibility. - They are charged with protecting "The heart of the world" (live in Aluna and the physical world) 3. On a very basic level, rituals are an inherent part of living. Belief that multiple deities control aspects of nature. \end{array} Our courses and research also address the questions of discipline, virtue, and emotion. of Questions= 9 INSTRUCTIONS: To answer a question, click the button in front of your choice. ALL OF HUMAN EXPERIENCE IS MEDIATED BY OUR PERCEPTION (biological, psychological and spiritual), -1950's militaristic boarding school Religion as a Cultural System In the 20 th century, scholars began addressing religion from an interpretive analytical framework that aimed to develop a better understanding of the symbols and meanings that comprise religion as a cultural system. Durkheim wrote groundbreaking texts about modernity, sociological method, and suicide (among others); in 1896 he founded the journal L'Anne sociologique and trained or influenced a generation of French scholars including Marcel . Some animals are venerated because they are feared either as predators or as poisonous. In these cultures, shamans are called upon for special and individualized rituals, such as performing exorcisms, curing illnesses, warding off curses, and mediating with the world or spirits and ancestors. Women are usually initiated singularly instead of in a group-> little chance for communitas (society as a whole initiates women) Are polytheistic. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a myth? Beginnings in ritual studies. Uses nature as a model for society. What Is One Of The Primary Reasons That The Study Of Religion In holism. 2. Liminality-limbo between states SourceofVariationBetweenGroupsWithinGroupsTotalSS1034.511302.412336.92df25052MS517.2626.05F19.86p-value4.49E07. -Many societies do not make a distinction between beliefs or practices that are spiritual and other habits that are part of daily life. Sate religions with professional priesthoods. Journalize the receipt of cash for the maturity value of the note on March 16, Receipt No. \end{array} & \mathbf{5} & 8 & 7 & 8 Movements aimed at altering or revitalizing society. - Scientific model of the planet as a single 'organic' system, seen as analogous to a human body rather than as a series of atomized, unrelated elements, dim lit room -> soft music ->sit in chair with senior mediums in the room -> bow an close eyes-> mediums reach out but do not touch you, and move their hands over you-> realigns your spiritual balance, Describe Roy Rappaport's concepts of higher and lower order cosmologies. As of early 2015, The Netherlands, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, Argentina, Denmark, Brazil . 2. Turn to it when they face uncertainty or danger (Malinowski). Lower order systems are all about specific material goals, like money making and physical pleasures. The importance and power of ritual can be seen in the persistence of rituals in contemporary secular society. Mediate between people and supernatural beings and forces. An ethnographer unfamiliar with the language of the host society is more likely to find a male interpreter (bridge the gap among men) It is highly visible and, in the words of Raymond T. Firth (1995:214), represents "a massive output of human enterprise." Religious beliefs and are an enduring tribute to humankind's nearly infinite resourcefulness and adaptability in coping with the problems of daily life. Sacred and forbidden; prohibition backed by supernatural sanctions. At the same time, these rituals validate the traditions, values, and hierarchy of the culture. They are often preceded by rituals of purification, and their performances are believed to bring power or blessedness. Thought religion came from people trying to understand conditions and events the could not explain. Attendance to doctoral meetings (spiritual interpretation of Christian bible. These formulas are, in a sense, magic . $$ Characteristics of Culture - Anthropology - iResearchNet prayers to request the forgiveness of sins. Early 19th century. Who is the scholar most associated with this approach to the study of myth, The central characters of myths tend to include heroes and tricksters. - Worked in the Andaman Islands -> they had little contact with the outside world It often forms a separate sphere of activity, - Many cultures -> right is sacred and left is profane Term comes from mount Olympus-home of the Greek gods. Elements of the natural world that are often considered to be "natural symbols" include all but which of the following? It can subsume or supplant a 'primal' religion What is its labor rate variance for the period? A particular type of greeting on meeting someone may be a traditional ritual but is not always required. - The belief in a single abstract force, not anthropomorphized , which runs through all of the world. Non- Western societies are motivated by higher order values in which the environment is sacred. How do we deal with issuance costs and security mispricing costs in our assessment of a project's value? If a stock investment with insignificant influence costs $10,000 and is sold for$12,000, how should the difference between these two amounts be recorded? Assume mpg is normally distributed. The founder of the anthropology of religion. & 2 & 12 & 6 & 5 \\ Mana Example: Hurt or kill, they imitate that effect on the image of the victim. + Universal structures of human thought and social life When the double leaves the body the person dies. Lack full time religious specialists, they believe in several deities (polytheism) who control aspects of nature. At the 5% significance level, can we conclude that average mpg differs between the hybrids? A kind of religion. ; 2 What do anthropological archaeologists study? If an action is risky, and the outcome uncertain (but important to the group or individual) then there will be greater use of ritual associated with it. Based on written scriptures 2. Anthropology of Religion | Department of Anthropology something that is beyond the realm of the observable world. Women's initiation rites involve decoration and dress vs. male nudity, - Elaborates on Gennep's ideas on rites of passage the study of people who are known only from their physical and cultural remains. c. Calculate the expected returns for portfolios AB, AC, and BC. People come together when they are initiated together. Effervenscene bubbling up of collective emotional intensity generated through worship Animism An example that is most defined in Western culture is in Judaism and Christianity, God has given human feelings of anger and jealousy or compassion and forgiveness. The body of a particular child who is 4 feet tall and weighs $50 \mathrm{lb}$ has surface area $1,365 \mathrm{in}^2$. \hline \text { Within Groups } & 1302.41 & 50 & 26.05 & & \\ Examples include daily meditation, prayers before meals, Sunday mass, or full moon services. The surface area $S$ of the body of an average person 4 feet tall who weighs $w \mathrm{lb}$ changes at the rate $S^{\prime}(w)=110 w^{-0.575} \mathrm{in}^2 / \mathrm{lb}$ Magicians use this to produce a desired effect by imitating it. -> thus all societies are structured around oppositions (raw vs. cooked) At the same time, it elevates their status within that society. --> emphasis on performance and transformation Ways of explaining the "glue" that holds societies together by encouraging moral behavior. It is confined to a single language or ethnic group Why is depreciation added back to cash flow? Proposed religion evolved from animism-polytheism-monotheism. + sexually egalitarian, Thought of ritual as a performance planned or improvised that effects the transformation life to an alternative context within which the everyday is transformed Social Evolution of Anthropological Theory Anthropological Theory Why learn theory? Elder brother vs younger brother Instead, it suggests that a myth's emphasis on setting up and then resolving conflicts reflects the binary structure of the mind and of human thought. Can only eat animal once a year. General term encompassing curers (witch doctors), mediums, spiritualists, astrologers, palm readers, and other diviners. Religious Rituals - Anthropology - iResearchNet Prepare the cash flows from operating activities section of the statement of cash flows using the indirect method. The indigenous mind is going to be different than the ethnographer's mind --> There will not always be a single explanation for phenomena Anthropology of Religion: Magic and Religion - Palomar College While monogamy traditionally referred to the union of one man and one woman, there are some countries that recognize same-sex unions. & 4 & 20 & 18 & 18 \\ Sociology of religion - Wikipedia The following output summarizes the results of an analysis of variance experiment in which the treatments were three different hybrid cars and the variable measured was the miles per gallon (mpg) obtained while driving the same route. This chapter introduces anthropology as an academic subject and explores its historical development. \text{Loss on sale of land} & 20,000 & \text{Payment of dividends} & 7,400\\ Religion is a pattern of beliefs values and actions that are acquired by members of a group. Most concentrate on one of these, but some combine them. Lower order systems are very specific, while higher order systems are more abstract, such as ideas of happiness. Thus, vows and rituals go hand in hand. Sequences of words and actions invented prior to the current performance of the ritual in which they occur. Anthropology Chapter 12: Religion Flashcards | Quizlet + most religious buildings face east, right is then associated with warmth of the sun, left with the cold of the north ), a concept constructed by the human mind that includes a particular set of human beliefs and practices, centered on the questions of when and how religion began, the concept of a simpler, more basic, and more ancient supernatural force, the view of religion as a human construction, more specifically as a construction of those in power, asking questions such as "What does religion do?" It focused on the functions of culture traits and practices in maintaining a stable order in society. 2. T/F: Many anthropologists have argued that there is a relationship between the emergence of monotheism and the increasing social and political complexity of certain pre-historic societies. Anthropology of Religion: Religious Leaders - Palomar College The latter are meant to draw the community into joint participation and expression of acceptance of the beliefs and values being expressed by the ritual. Such rituals may be periodic, as those mentioned above, or may be performed for special occasions. Mecam Foods, Inc. has 2,568 computer users. The Christian practices of baptism and communion, the Jewish Seder, and the annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca are some examples. Western societies are motivated by lower order values that are not considered sacred. The key difference between the two social sciences is that sociology concentrates on society while anthropology focuses on culture. Religion mainly found in foraging societies, particularly found in the northern latitudes (Inuit and Siberian). Example: Born again Christians, Islam jama- Jihad, Judaist Haredi. The dismantling of the mandala and dispersion of the sand reflects the Buddhist view of impermanence. Use manure to fertilize their fields. Used by peasants to pull plows and carts. Religion-Anthropology Flashcards | Quizlet Anthropology of Religion: Religious Leaders Religious Leaders All societies have individuals whose job it is to guide or supplement the religious practices of others. Our faculty seek to understand what faith is and why faith persists, when mysticism emerges in complex societies, and how to understand claims which do not on the surface appear to be religious but are treated as central to religious identity. Assume an ambiguous sex or gender role. What is meant by the holistic approach in anthropology quizlet? Rituals called rites of passage mark ones transition through the various stages in life, from as early as conception throughout life until death, and even afterwards. Indigenous cultures often have shamans who perform rituals as well. New York: Routledge. -> rules and values serve a function of controlling behavior. 4. Make the calculations necessary to set up the analysis of variance table. - British anthropologist, she worked with the people of Mafia Island in Tanzania The scholar who is most known for analyzing these rites of passage "phases" is. 1. A good example of the difference can be seen in the communion bread and wine preparatory rituals in Christian churches. Communitas describes the unstructured, egalitarian, human relatedness. Ambiguous social positions. Rituals of ablution, prayer, meditation, offerings at a home altar, and so on are typically undertaken by lay persons as a part of the daily enactment of their religious beliefs. Social Evolution of Anthropological Theory | Cultural Anthropology Anthropology of Religion: Definition, History, Themes - IResearchNet Sacred emblems symbolizing common identity. Significant here is his identification of three stages that can be seen in most such rites: the pre-ritual state, the liminal or transitional state, and the postritual state. Criticized for being scraggly and ill-used. May be marked ritually and symbolically by reversals of ordinary behaviour. Your chapter provides several reasons that animals are important as symbols, how do Emotionalists see them? They are given special privileges as well as special restrictions. They are believed to have the potential to bring about a fundamental change in the rituals beneficiaries as per the particular ritual performed, and they are traditionally mandatory. A blessing of food actually alters the spiritual essence of the food. Very individualistic early on. African traditions remain strong, also strong Christian origins It is then worn for 10 minutes-the boy cannot feel his arm because of the venom and may shake uncontrollably for days after. During the liminal state, which can last from a few hours to days or weeks, the youth are separated from the rest of the society and undergo a process whereby they are supposed to let go of their previous state of mind and prepare for their new identity as adults. The actual creation can take up to a week. Every ritual has a beneficiary, someone or something for which the ritual is undertaken. --> religious rituals open up everyday life to reality Needs to be accepted on faith. Most people who do personal rituals do so as part of a regular adherence to religious beliefs. After reading chapters 1 and 2, can you guess where the author did much of his ethnographic fieldwork? Anthropology of Religion Quizzes 1-7 Flashcards | Quizlet 3. \hline Describe two things wrong with the design of this study. Native Australians, Native Americans. Not "imaginary". He asks volunteers from his second-period class to report how many dreams they had last week. Diminished role of priests, salvation is directly available to individuals. \hline & & & & & \\ Practice Quiz for Overview of Anthropology - Palomar College Early anthropological study of religion was guided by social theory that was informed by evolutionary biology. Advocating strict fidelity to a religion's presumed founding principles. Puberty rituals are typical of rites of passage and are an important part of many cultures process of adult identity formation. She thought that each culture had their own sex plan. Don't over reach on interpretation --> symbolism is open to individual interpretation, and our interpretation may be different. Example: Caribbean Voodoo, mix of African, Native American, And Roman catholic saints and deities. \end{array} Practice Quiz for Overview of Anthropology No. A physical inventory of Liverpool Company taken at December 31 reveals the following. A symbol or emblem of a social unit. T/F: All societies have a word that translates roughly as "religion." Anthropology of Religion. Westerners do not usually consider that religion is the basis of morality. Intense feeling of social solidarity, equality and togetherness. The more common elements and themes are discussed below. List three characteristics of Primal religions, 1. Separate from larger religion from which they arose because it is "corrupt". Terms in this set (210) anthropology. "voodoo dolls". In the his book, The Interpretation of Cultures (1966/73), Clifford Geertz defined religion as For example, the college experience is a big liminal state that encourages communitas. myths almost always start with the phrase " once upon a time". Thus, attendance at ones graduation ceremony, for example, is not a prerequisite to graduate. All the answers are correct (as tricksters, totems, were-animals, guardian animals). b. A ritual that is performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar. Thus crossing oneself in a Catholic Mass would be a ritualized behavior but shaking hands would not. \hspace{10pt}\text{Variable cost of goods manufactured (500,000 units x \$14 per unit)}&\$\hspace{5pt}7,000,000\\ (2004). Their society is ruled by the priestly class of Mamas -Argued that people "bet high" (there is less to be lost by attributing human characteristics to other creature and phenomena than by getting is wrong), - Proponent of a contemporary earth-based spirituality -> wrote a book of "rituals, invocations, exercises and magic" an approach to anthropology studying human societies as systematic sums of their parts, as integrated wholes. What religion did he cite as evidence for his argument? Exists in all human societies. Incorporation-reappearance in a new status. Anthropology Of Religion | Encyclopedia.com Groups of people have particular _____. Communitas intense feeling of social solidarity. Identifies Shamanic, communal, Olympian and monotheistic religions. Rite of Passage | Cultural Anthropology | | Course Hero - First method and still the standard "rule of thumb", - Refers to circular relationships between cause and effect. Forms of marriage | Cultural Anthropology | | Course Hero Can be animals, plants or geographic feathers. emphasized summarizing symbols, which represent complex sets of ideas, and elaborating metaphors, including root metaphors and key scenarios, ritual involving the manipulation of religious symbols such as prayers, offerings, and readings of sacred literature, rituals that are required to be performed, rituals that arise spontaneously, frequently in times of crisis, rituals performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar, rituals performed when a particular need arises, such as a marriage or a death, rituals that attempt to influence or control nature, hunting and gathering rites of intensification, rituals that influence nature in the quest for food, rituals designed to protect the safety of people engaged in dangerous activities, rituals that seek information about the unknown, healing rituals; rituals that deal with illness, accident, and death, rituals that bring about illness, accident, or death, rituals that serve to maintain the normal functioning of a community, rituals that delineate codes of proper behavior and articulate the community's worldview, rituals that accompany changes in an individual's status in society, rituals that focus on the elimination of alien customs and a return to a native way of life, gifts or even bribes, or economic exchange designed to influence the supernatural, the anthropological study of medicinal plants, each position in a series of positions, each one defined in terms of appropriate behavior, rights and obligations, and relationships to one another, the relative placement of each position in the society, a ceremony whereby a male child becomes a member of the Jewish community, the first phase of a rite of passage, in which the individual is removed from his or her former status, the second step in a rite of passage, during which several activities take place that bring about the change in status, the final phase in a rite of passage, during which the individual reenters normal society, though in a new social relationship, the state of ambiguous marginality during which the metamorphisis takes place during a rite of passage, a state in which there is a sense of equality, but the mere fact that a group of individuals is moving through the process together brings about a sense of community and camaraderie, in many traditional societies, the boys who are initiated together and form very close bonds, a specific status defined by age, such as warrior or elder, the removal of the labia minora along with the clitoris, the removal of the entire clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora and the sewing together of the remnants of the labia majora, leaving a small opening for urination and the passing of menstrual blood, an impersonal supernatural force that is found concentrated in special places in the landscape, in particular objects, and in certain people, a characteristic of most symbols: no direct connection with the thing they refer to, the ability to use symbols to refer to things and activities that are remote from the user, the feature of symbols allowing one to create a new symbol, such as a name, to refer to a new object, has a positive meaning such as prosperity and good luck, but most Americans and Europeans looking at it experience anger or dread, any five-sided figure, but generally used to refer to a five-pointed star, the symbol most clearly associated with Christianity, a word that is derived from the first letter of a series of words, a pipe through which a spirit moves from a tomb into a temple sanctuary during rituals, a religious system focusing on expressions of sacred time and space, the fusion of elements from two different cultures, instruments that are struck, shaken, or rubbed, instruments that incorporate a taut membrane or skin, instruments with taut strings that can be plucked or strummed, hit, or sawed, instruments where air is blown across or into some type of passageway, such as a pipe, the manipulation of supernatural power as a direct means of achieving an end, magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things, things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the connection is severed, assumes there is a causal relationship between things that appear to be similar, based on the premise that things that were once in contact always maintain a connection, the practice of making an image to represent a living person or animal, which can then be killed or injured through doing things to the image, such as sticking pins into the image or burning it, fertility rituals that function to facilitate the successful reproduction of a totem animal, the belief that signs telling of a plant's medical use are somehow embedded within the structure and nature of the plant itself, an oral text that is transmitted without change; the slightest deviation from its traditional form would invalidate the magic, an object in which supernatural power resides, antisocial magic, used to interfere with the economic activities of others and to bring about illness and even death, a perceived revival of pre-Christian religious practices, techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future, involves some type of spiritual experience such as a direct contact with a supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness, usually possession, more magical ways of doing divination, including the reading of natural events as well as the manipulation of oracular devices, refers to a specific device that is used for divination and can refer to inspiration or noninspirational forms, divination that happens without any conscious effort on the part of the individual, divination that someone sets out to do, such as reading tarot cards or examining the liver of a sacrificed animal, refers to divination through contact with the dead or ancestors, fortuitous happenings, or conditions that provide information, reading the path and form of a flight of birds, refers to chance meeting with an animal, such as a black cat crossing one's path, the examination of the entrails of sacrificed animals, the placing of bones in a fire and reading the patterns of burns and cracks to determine a response, the use of flour (as in fortune cookies) for divination, using a forked stick to locate water underground, the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand, the study of the shape and structure of the head, either fortuitous or deliberate, an altered state of consciousness in which a supernatural being (be it an ancestor, a ghost, a spirit, or a god) communicates through an individual, fortuitous in that the prophet receives information through a vision unexpectedly, without any necessary overt action on the part of the individual, the possession of a medium by a spirit who then speaks through the medium, people who undergo deliberate possession involving an overt action whereby the individual falls into a trance, painful and often life-threatening tests that a person who is suspected of guilt may be forced to undergo, such as dipping a hand into hot oil, swallowing poison, or having a red-hot knife blade pressed against some part of the body, the assumption of a causal relationship between celestial phenomenal and terrestrial ones and the influence that the stars and planets have on the lives of human beings, relatively simple forms of magical thinking that represent simple behaviors that directly bring about a simple result, such as carrying a good luck charm, receives his or her power directly from the spirit world; acquires status and abilities, such as healing, through personal communication with the supernatural during shamanic trances or altered states of consciousness, a central vertical axis that links the middle zone, the upper world, and the lower world; allows the movement of the shaman between the realm of the natural and supernatural, a technique of body movements, or magical passes, aiming to increase awareness of the energy fields that humans are made of, "the near universal methods of shamanism without a specific cultural perspective", focused on an individual, as opposed to the community, often as a self-help means of improving one's life; choose to participate and focus on what they consider the positive aspects of shamanism, as opposed to the traditionally recognized "dark side of shamanism", full-time religious specialists associated with formalized religious institutions that may be linked with kinship groups, communities, or larger political units; given religious authority by those units or by formal religious organizations, participate in activities similar to those of U.S. medical practitioners; may set bones, treat sprains with cold, or administer drugs made from native plants and other materials, specialists in the use of plant and other material as cures; may prescribe the materials to be administered or may provide the material as prescribed by a healer or diviner, someone who practices divination, a series of techniques and activities that are used to obtain information about things that are not normally knowable, a mouthpiece of the gods; communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community and to act as an intermediary between the gods and the people, refers to individuals who have an innate ability to do evil, not depending on ritual to achieve his or her evil ends but simply willing misfortune to occur, a belief in the gratification of one's desires, a new awareness of something that exists in the environment, occurs when a person, using the technology at hand, comes up with a solution to a particular problem, the apparent movement of cultural traits from one society to another, the process of inventing a new trait through the receiving of an idea of one culture from another, the rapid change experienced by a subordinate culture as traits from a dominant culture are accepted, often at a rate that is too rapid to properly integrate the traits of the dominant culture into the subordinate culture, when the dominated society has changed so much that is has ceased to have its own distinct identity, a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet, at the same time, permit the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form, the dispersion of a people from their homeland, a religious or secular movement to bring about a change in society, manifesting as a result of a reaction to assimilation, develop in societies in which the cultural gap between the dominant and subordinate cultures is vast; these movements stress the elimination of the dominant culture and a return to the past, keeping the desirable elements of the dominant culture to which the society has been exposed, but with these elements now under the control of the subordinate culture, attempt to revive what is often perceived as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize the noble features and legitimacy of the repressed culture, based on a vision of change through an apocalyptic transformation, believe that a divine savior in human form will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society, a belief system among members of a relatively undeveloped society in which adherents practice superstitious rituals hoping to bring modern goods supplied by a more technologically advanced society, a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, refers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making.