Abraham was from the city of Ur according to Genesis 11:31 above. 14151155 BCE." W. Eilers, rev. Both regions remained linked with the Babylonian government during the 11th and 10th century BCE, but from 850 BCE onwards they passed to the Assyrian sphere of influence (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. "17. Kassite. This event saw the conquest of Babylon by the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great and marked the end of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. 2, 1971, Ferrara, A. J. West of Edin: Tell al-Deylam and the Babylonian City of Dilbat The Biblical Archaeologist , Vol. Your email address will not be published. The archive originates, not from the temple, but from the palace of the governor (andabakku, Sumerian U.EN.NA) of Nippur (see Balkan, 1986, p. 8). The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. On the Seal Impressions on Some Old Babylonian Tablets Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. Who are the Ethiopian people in the Bible? It is either anachronistic, or a poor translation. 1499 BCE. In time, a new dynasty emerged. 165-74. A 300-year Middle Eastern Dark lasted from 1157 to 883 B.C. J.A. 469 f.; Dosch and Deller, 1981), as well as in Middle Assyrian documents (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 470; cf. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. The Kissites used their alliances to help repel enemies and to establish a trade. Bibliography 257 Environment, Series II, Memoirs IV. The private sector, i.e., free families and clans living in urban and rural settlements and represented in community assemblies, included private artisans. This document includes a graphic timeline (imagemap) and a hypertexted text timeline The section concludes with a brief appendix (chapter 45). J. What Is The Eye Of The Needle (Matthew 19:23-24 / Mark 10:25)? 219-45. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. It is mostly translated as "Ur of the Chaldeans." The problem with "Chaldeans" is that it is a late word used in the Neo-Babylonian times. "Ur:" The Kassite Period and the Period of the Assyrian Kings"." Iggy, your theory is not an uncommon one. We care about our planet! These monuments, which were once thought to be boundary stones erected in fields . The images were made by stamping or rolling the seals into wet clay. J. Boese and G. Wilhelm, Aur-dn I., Ninurta-apil-Ekur und die mittelassyrische Chronologie, WZKM 71, 1979, pp. The Kassites strove to be integrated in the culture of the conquered land. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The few sources consist of personal names, a few documents, and some technical terms related to horses and chariotry. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Hittites, Kassites and Mitanni Children's Middle Eastern History Books, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Updates? However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. 4 Where did the Hittites live in ancient Anatolia? A. H. Podany, The Land of Hana: Kings, Chronology, and Scribal Tradition, Bethesda, Md., 2002. After Babylon came within the Kassite sphere of control its city-god, Marduk was absorbed into the Kassite pantheon. Scholars today are still debating the historical identity of the Cushites. [54] A Kassite text found at Dur-Kurigalzu mentions glass given to artisans for palace decoration and similar glass was found there. This governor seems to have enjoyed a special, apparently privileged, status among the other provincial governors (Sassmannshausen tends to compare his role to that of a chief minister of the state: Kanzler). And the flood was in 1656 from Adam. Ahmose ruled in the 6th century BCE. The opinion of W. Eilers (1957-58, pp. 131149, 1949, O. R. Gurney, Further Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Sumer, vol. A stele (monument) from Egypt, dating back to 1208 BCE is the firs known inscription mentioning the nation of Israel. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. 5 (197680, Miller, Jared L.. "3. They eventually detached themselves from the Babylonian state and its urban centers, probably because they were unpaid or unprovisioned. Remnants of two Kassite glass beakers were found during the 1964 excavation in a (c. 800 BC) destruction layer of Hasanlu, in northwest Iran. World History Encyclopedia, 03 Aug 2011. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Detail, facade of Inanna's Temple at Uruk, Kassite, 15th century BCE. Some prebendaries in Babylonian temple cities bore Kassite ancestors names as late as the Achaemenid period (see Zadok, 2003, p. 482, with n. 6). (a)the invention of monotheism (b)implementing political reforms that harmed the majority of egyptians. "2. After the destruction of the Mittani by the Hittites in the early 14th century BC Assyria rose in power creating a three way power structure in the region between the Kassites, Hittites, and Assyrians with Elam exerting influence from the east and Egypt from the south. (10)" . However, P. Huber (1999-2000) rejects the astronomical evidence adduced by Gurzadyan (in Gasche et al., 1998, pp. Babylonia and the Bible, Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception, Vol 3. There are also a number of building inscriptions, all but one written in Sumerian unlike the Akkadian typically used by the Kassites. There are very few filiations with the father bearing a Babylonian name. His body was never found and also coincidentally there was no chariots available for other wars for quite a while after that. "Archive und Bibliotheken in Babylon. 1150-985 BCE), viz., the second dynasty of Isin, the second dynasty of the Sealand, and the Bazi dynasty, had Akkadian, Kassite, and hybrid (Akkadian-Kassite) names. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17-22. Kraus on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, Studia Francisci Scholten memoriae dicata 5, Leiden, 1982, pp. This period is marked by a building hiatus at Babylon, similar to the one after the fall of the First Babylonian dynasty. R. Zadok, The Origin of the Name Shinar, ZA 74, 1984, pp. 1400 BCE, the accession of the Kassite king Kara-inda (comparing El Amarna letter 10). Recall that in the first five books of the Bible idolatry was a major issue. This article is available in print.Vol. Museum, British. [22] After the Kassite dynasty was overthrown in 1155 BC, the system of provincial administration continued and the country remained united under the succeeding rule, the Second Dynasty of Isin.[23]. In most of the pertinent filiations the father has a Kassite, and the son a Babylonian, name. This region became increasingly unsafe, especially during the reign of Samsuditana, the last ruler of the Hammurabi dynasty. Charpin, 1995). 160 f.; also > Kunu-; cf. The Kassite Dynasty refurbished many of the ancient Babylonian cities and constructed a new city called Dur Kurigalzu (named after one of the Kassite kings) near modern Baghdad. Judges 6:3 | View whole chapter | See verse in context. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Iran 11.1 (1973): 1-27, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosII." Paper, 1956, p. 252). 19, no. There is not a single connected text in the Kassite language. Altorientalische Forschungen (in German) (30): 372381. [58] The seals were generally made of stone, glass, or clay. From the letters of Adbi-Heba it is clearly seen that he is having severe trouble with the Apiru. The Worst Televangelist Product Scams Of All Time. The work at Isin was initated by Kurigalzu I and continued by Kadashman-Enlil I, and after a lapse, by Adad-shuma-usur and Meli-Shipak II. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. The genealogies of the Bible reveal that intermarriage of the ruler-priests lines continued to the time of Jesus. (Non-dynastic usurpers17351701 BCE) and ruled the area for 576 years. Katiliau and the Sumundar Canal: A New Middle Babylonian Royal Inscription. Sassmannshausen (1999, pp. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. (Optional) Enter email address if you would like feedback about your tag. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. Idem, Materials and Studies for Kassite History, 1: A Catalogue of Cuneiform Sources Pertaining to Specific Monarchs of the Kassite Dynasty, Chicago, 1986. 411 f.) is of the opinion that they penetrated from the central Zagros via the lower Diyala region into northern Babylonia, notably the Sippar region during the late Old Babylonian period. Volume 1 Kardunia. Charpin, 1995). The correspondence is mainly concerned with diplomatic marriages. Krishna was at once an incarnation of Vishnu and Shiva. Since they had chariots, they were not nomadic, but were fully settled in segregated rural encampments. Kassite rulers built temples to Babylonian deities. Chronicles and king lists are imprecise, and although the Kassite kings traditionally ruled over Babylonia for 576 years, it is probable that the first Kassite kings reigned in Babylonia simultaneously with the last kings of the first Babylonian dynasty; thus Gandash, the first Kassite king, possibly began his reign about the middle of the 18th century bc, but not at Babylon. The Incredible Bible - First in the BKA Series. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". A new dynasty emerged about 1750 BC by a foreign people known as the Kassites. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. The first Kassite dynast who ruled Babylonia was Burnaburia I, the tenth king of the Babylonian King List (Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 467), but the possibility that his predecessor, Agum-kakrime (Agum II), already controlled Babylon cannot be excluded (see Podany, 2002, p. 59). Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. The Character of the Kassite rule in Babylonia (the chronology follows Boese, 1982; cf. 4, 1965, pp. 247 ff., 258 f.). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A. She was the pharaohs daughter that pulled Moses from the water. Why Did Christ Ride a Donkey on His Triumphant Entry? The panes of glass used to create these images were very brightly colored, and closer analysis has revealed that they were bright green, blue, white, and red-orange. The Bible is not specific as to the exact date. 55, No. In the 1st millennium the Kassites withdrew to the Zagros Mountains, where they opposed the eastward expansion of Assyrian power and paid tribute to Persia. The city was built by Kurigalzu I (probably in the first quarter of the 15th century BCE). Kassites (among others) were included in the workforces (mostly agricultural laborers): individuals defined as Kassites (Ka) or bearing Kassite names appear in ration lists. It was discovered in 1896 and is stored in the Cairo Museum currently. The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 BC), son of Hammurabi of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. Idem, Zur Organisation des gesellschaftlichen Lebens im kassitischen und nachkassitischen Babylonien: Verwaltungsstruktur und Gemeinschaften, in H. Hirsch and H. Hunger, eds., Vortrge gehalten auf der 28 Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale in Wien, 6.-10 Juli 1981, Archiv fr Orientforschung Beiheft 19, Vienna, 1982, pp. When and how did the Twelve Apostles die? The first person that came close was Thomas Edison and I thought wow Im a genius. What does a 3 digit interstate numbers mean? The Kassites (/ksats/) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC (middle chronology). Nearing the end of the letter, the king states that if no archers are sent, then Jerusalem will fall to the Hapiru (same as Apiru). - C., Burna-Buriash Ier ensures its . Aarhus Univ. 45363, Koppen, Frans van. Ashkelon has been overcome; Babylonia was recognized as a great power by the other Near Eastern powers, namely, its neighbors and Egypt, according to the Amarna correspondence. Astour, Michael C. The Name of the Ninth Kassite Ruler. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. [59], Male head from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, Kassite, reign of Marduk-apla-iddina I. Iraq Museum, Door socket from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq. 1/2, 1981, pp. The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe: 8, line 46; 9, 41). Zamua, which was originally Lullubian (see LULUBI), had only one pertinent toponym, namely,Ban-ba-la, which may be the Kassite form of Babylon. If one judges by the onomasticon, the individuals bearing Kassite names were 7.72-5.31 percent of the general sample from Greater Media, i.e., the second group after the Iranians, whose percentage was 45.37-32.36 percent (see Zadok, 2002, pp. Picture Study Bible - StudyBible with Pictures and Maps. The Kassites first appear as a political factor in Babylonia in 1742 (or 1741) BCE, when they were opposed by both Samsiluna and Rm-Sn Is (see Stol, 1975, pp. The first Jewish king, King Saul, defeated the Ammonites and made them his servants. All the mayors have Babylonian names. Ancient Mesopotamian literature developed c. 2600 BCE after scribes Studies in Eastern History; Vol. Balkan, 1954, p. 109). Tukulti-Ninurta I, who pursued an Assyrian expansionist policy, invaded Babylonia and deposed Katilia IV (1227-20 BCE), whom he took as prisoner to Assur. 1-48. 4 (Dec., 1991), pp. Idem, Hurrians as Well as Individuals Bearing Hurrian and Strange Names in Sumerian Sources, in A. F. Rainey, A. Kempinski, and M. Sigrist, eds., Kinatttu a drti. The earliest occurrence of an individual with a Kassite name in Babylonia is from Rm-Sn Is 53rd year (1770 BCE). Copyright 2023 Wisdom-Advices | All rights reserved. Idem, Peoples from the Iranian Plateau in Babylonia during the Second Millennium B.C., Iran 25, 1987, pp. 2. Its about events 700-1000 years later. 354 f.). Almamori, Haider Oraibi and Bartelmus, Alexa. Kassites held important positions in the state sector as late as Nab-mukn-aplis reign (978-943 BCE). Ancient Babylon was an influential city that served as a center of Mesopotamian civilization for nearly two millennia, from roughly 2000 B.C. A Kassite Cylinder Seal from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. del Monte and Tischler, 1978, p. 344; Belmonte Marn, 2001, pp. The rulers of Allabria, Hubukia, and Ginguhtu, regions in the direction of present-day West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, bore Kassite names (Ianzi-buria, Ianz, and Ursi respectively). 251-54. history of Mesopotamia: The Kassites in Babylonia. 1-8. (2012). The Bible makes many references to a people known as the "Cushites," implying they are the descendents of Noah's grandson Cush, who inhabited the "Land of Cush" in Old Testament times. While the term Kushite is generally understood as meaning black African, several places in the Bible refer to other locations as Kush, including Midian, the home of Moses' wife Zipporah. The Kassite kings were called, by themselves and their colleagues in other Near Eastern states, kings of the land of Kar(an)dunia, the latter being a term for Babylonia that may have been Kassite in origin (del Monte and Tischler, 1978, pp. The Amarna letters, which were mostly written in the early to mid-13th century BCE, capture communication back and forth from Egyptian Ruler Amenophis III and his various loyal vassal-governors in the land of Canaan. The Kassites, a tribe from the Zagros mountains in present-day Iran, arrived in Babylonia and filled a vacuum left by the Hittite invasion. Schneider, Thomas (2003). Kassite period, 14th century BCE. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. One interesting aspect of these letters is that they are written in Akkadian cuneiform and not Egyptian. Saarbrcken: Saarlndische Druckerei und Verlag, Sternitzke, Katja. 88 f.). The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. 1-26. H. H. Paper, rev. There are numerous accounts in both Akkadian and Canaanite literature that speak of the religious nature of the area, which affirms the biblical accounts. 91-113. Other ceramic goods, such as traps for small animals and vessels commonly thought to be fruit stands were found also. Phone Toll Free: 877-966-7300 or 816-584-3077, [This article continues after a message from the authors], These Articles are Written by the Publishers of, Amazing Bible Timeline with World History 2023. C. Edens, On the Complexity of Complex Societies: Structure, Power, and Legitimation in Kassite Babylonia, in G. Stein and M. S. Rothman eds., Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Monographs in World Archaeology 18, Madison, Wis, 1994, pp. Kassite and Elamite Kings". The language of the Kassites remains unclassified (called a language isolate), differing from most common languages that exist today in the world. Kassite. They include red, black and brown Nubians, pre-dynastic lower Nilotes, and the Ainu/Annu. L. Sassmannshausen, The Adaptation of the Kassites to the Babylonian Civilization, in K. van Lerberghe and G. Voet, eds., Languages and Cultures in Contact. The area they used to inhabit is located. J. Fincke, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der Nuzi-Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 10, Wiesbaden, 1993. (1998, p. 83) advocate a lower chronology, thereby narrowing the gap between the end of the Old Babylonian period and, ca. Mu-s-Sa Dates in the Kassite Period. Die Welt Des Orients, vol. Learn how your comment data is processed. The Interpreter's Commentary on the Bible p. 5. Cushan-Rishathaim is mentioned in Judges 3:8 and God had used this ruler to punish his people for eight years before he releases them from his rule. Buried History, 51, 57-60. "Ur in the Kassite Period". Their communication with the authorities was facilitated by translators, who also acted as informers. Their Akkadian name Ka originates from a Kassite form *G/Kal- (cf. The Early Kassite Period". Kassite period. Where did the Kassite people originally come from? The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. Idem, Forced laborers in the Middle Babylonian period, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 32, 1980, pp. Unique Circular Format see more in less space. 112 f.). ISBN 978-9004430914. ''Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf'', Journal of Near Eastern Studies, LXV/2, 111-119.Richardson, S. (2005). Top level: Mesopotamian Gods in symbolic form, second level: animals and deities playing musical instruments (detail), "Unfinished" Kudurru, Kassite period, attributed to the reign of Melishipak, 1186-1172 B.C.E., found in Susa, where it had been taken as war booty in the 12th century B.C.E.